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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Motion controller</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For motion controllers that calculate and control the motion of mechanical actuators, see <a href="Motion_control" title="Motion control">Motion control</a>.</div>

<p>In <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, a <b>motion controller</b> is a type of <a href="Input_device" title="Input device">input device</a> that uses <a href="Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>, <a href="Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a>, <a href="Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">cameras</a>, or other sensors to <a href="Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">track motion</a>.

</p><p>Motion controllers see use as <a href="Game_controller" title="Game controller">game controllers</a>, for <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> and other simulation purposes, and as <a href="Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">pointing devices</a> for <a href="Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a> and <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computers</a>.

</p><p>Many of the technologies needed for motion controllers are often used together in <a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> to provide a variety of functions, including for <a href="Mobile_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile application">mobile applications</a> to use them as motion controllers.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technologies">Technologies</h2></div>

<p>Motion controllers have used a variety of different <a href="Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> in different combinations to detect and measure movements, sometimes as separate inputs and sometimes together to provide a more precise or more reliable input. In modern devices most of the sensors are specialized <a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>. The following items are examples of current and historical methods of tracking motion.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inertial_Motion_Sensors">Inertial Motion Sensors</h3></div>

<p><a href="Inertial_Measurement_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial Measurement Unit">Inertial Measurement Units</a> (IMUs) are used to detect the rate of change in rotation using gyroscopes and change in speed using accelerometers. These are often found together on the same integrated circuit and can be used together to provide <a href="Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">six degrees of freedom</a> (<b>6DOF</b>) tracking.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cameras">Cameras</h3></div>

<p>Image sensors are used in conjunction with <a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> and are placed in locations such as on handheld or worn devices or in the environment to detect the relative locations of other devices and the environment, or to detect the movements of any or all parts of a user's body. They may be used in combination with paired light emitters that are tracked directly when seen by the camera, or indirectly through reflections of infrared light.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetometer">Magnetometer</h3></div>

<p>A magnetic field sensor in a device may be used to detect the direction of the earth's magnetic field, or the direction to a nearby base station.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h3></div>

<p>Mechanical sensing methods using <a href="Potentiometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Potentiometers">potentiometers</a>, <a href="Hall_effect_sensor" title="Hall effect sensor">Hall effect sensors</a>, and <a href="Incremental_encoder" title="Incremental encoder">incremental encoders</a> have historically seen use as the basis for motion tracking but they have since mostly been replaced for that purpose by <a href="MEMS" title="MEMS">MEMS</a> and other types of integrated circuit technologies. These sensors are used to track mechanical connections between a control element and a static object such as an arcade cabinet.

</p><p><a href="Weighing_scale" title="Weighing scale">Weighing scales</a> using <a href="Load_cell" title="Load cell">load cells</a> have been used to detect balance changes and other body movements through changes in weight distribution and momentary fluctuation in measured weight.

</p><p>Unrelated to their use in motion tracking, mechanical sensors continue to see much use in joysticks and other controls that are found on motion controllers and other input devices.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div>

<p><a href="Power_Glove" title="Power Glove">Ultrasonic triangulation</a> and <a href="Mercury_switch" title="Mercury switch">mercury switches</a> were seen in optional peripherals for home video game consoles in the 1980s.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Early uses of motion controllers included the <a href="Sega_AM2" title="Sega AM2">Sega AM2</a> <a href="Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade game</a> <i><a href="Hang-On" title="Hang-On">Hang-On</a></i>, which was controlled using a <a href="Video_game_arcade_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game arcade cabinet">video game arcade cabinet</a> resembling a motorbike, which the player moved with their body. This began the "Taikan" trend, the use of motion-controlled hydraulic arcade cabinets in many arcade games of the late 1980s, two decades before motion controls became popular on <a href="Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Sega_VR" title="Sega VR">Sega VR</a> headset was an early unreleased VR device with built-in motion tracking, first announced in 1991. Its sensors tracked the player's movement and head position.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early example is the 2000 <a href="Light_gun_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">light gun shooter</a> <a href="Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade game</a> <i><a href="Police_911" title="Police 911">Police 911</a></i>, which used motion tracking technology to detect the player's movements, which are reflected by the <a href="Player_character" title="Player character">player character</a> within the game.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Atari_Mindlink" title="Atari Mindlink">Atari Mindlink</a> was an early proposed motion controller for the <a href="Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a>, which measured the movement of the user's eyebrows with a fitted headband.

</p><p>The <a href="Sega_Activator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sega Activator">Sega Activator</a> was based on the Light Harp invented by Assaf Gurner. It was released as an optional accessory for the <a href="Mega_Drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega Drive">Mega Drive</a> (Genesis) in 1993 and could read the player's physical movements using full-body motion tracking. It was a commercial failure due to its "unwieldiness and inaccuracy".<sup id="cite_ref-Activator_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Activator-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Motion controllers became more widely distributed with the <a href="Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Seventh generation of video game consoles">seventh generation of video game consoles</a>. The <a href="Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> <a href="Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> console's <a href="Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a> controller used an image sensor<sup id="cite_ref-Nintendo_and_PixArt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_and_PixArt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so it could be used as a pointing device along with an accelerometer to track straight-line motions and the direction of gravity. The Nunchuk accessory for use in a second hand also featured an accelerometer. A later line of accessories and refreshed controllers labeled with the <a href="Wii_Motion_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Wii Motion Plus">Motion Plus</a> feature added gyroscopic sensors to track all three axes of rotation independent of whether the controller had line of sight to the sensors bar.

</p><p>The <a href="PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> launched with the <a href="Sixaxis" title="Sixaxis">Sixaxis</a> controller included, which featured three-axis accelerometer motion tracking and a one axis gyroscope while not including the <a href="Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">haptic feedback (vibration)</a> seen in other modern consoles citing interference concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-Viegas_interview_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viegas_interview-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both features were included in the later <a href="DualShock" title="DualShock">DualShock 3</a> controller refresh.

</p><p>Several wand-based devices with accelerometer and gyroscopic sensors followed, including the <a href="ASUS_Eee_Stick" class="mw-redirect" title="ASUS Eee Stick">ASUS Eee Stick</a>, <a href="Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> <a href="PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a> (adding <a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> via the <a href="PlayStation_Eye" title="PlayStation Eye">PlayStation Eye</a> to aid in position tracking), and <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> Swing.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other systems used different mechanisms for input, such as Microsoft's <a href="Kinect" title="Kinect">Kinect</a>, which combined <a href="Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="Structured_light" title="Structured light">structured light</a> and computer vision, and the <a href="Razer_Hydra" title="Razer Hydra">Razer Hydra</a>, which used a magnetometer.

</p><p>Nintendo and Sony would adopt motion tracking using gyroscopes and accelerometers as a standard hardware feature in successive generations starting with their handheld consoles the <a href="Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">3DS</a> and the <a href="PlayStation_Vita" title="PlayStation Vita">PS Vita</a>, both of which had the required three-axis accelerometers and gyroscopes. In the <a href="Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">eighth generation of video game consoles</a> Nintendo and Sony included those sensors as a standard feature of their two handed game controllers, the <a href="Wii_U_GamePad" title="Wii U GamePad">Wii U GamePad</a> and the <a href="DualShock_4" class="mw-redirect" title="DualShock 4">DualShock 4</a>. The consoles also had support for some devices in the previous generation of motion controllers depending on individual games.

</p><p><a href="Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve</a>'s Steam Controller was designed solely for use with PC's and required its Steam software. Its <a href="Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">6DOF</a> sensors were made available for use by games published on <a href="Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a>, and options available to users allowed the use of its gyroscope as a pointer control. Its motion tracking features would later be adapted for the <a href="Steam_Deck" title="Steam Deck">Steam Deck</a>.

</p><p>A wave of <a href="Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">virtual reality headsets</a> released in the 2010s adopted forms of 6DOF motion controllers; the <a href="HTC_Vive" title="HTC Vive">HTC Vive</a> was bundled with wand-like controllers,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while controllers known as <a href="Oculus_Touch" title="Oculus Touch">Oculus Touch</a> were released initially as an optional accessory for <a href="Oculus_Rift" title="Oculus Rift">Oculus Rift</a> in December 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became part of its standard equipment in July 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both controllers are tracked using infrared emitters placed in the play space.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oculus later switched to an "inside-out" tracking system for <a href="Oculus_Quest" title="Oculus Quest">Oculus Quest</a> and <a href="Oculus_Rift_S" title="Oculus Rift S">Rift S</a>, where the controllers are tracked by cameras in the headset itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a> hybrid home/portable console and its included <a href="Joy-Con" title="Joy-Con">Joy-Con</a> controllers feature 6DOF sensors in each controller in the pair as well as in the main body of the console. The optional <a href="Nintendo_Switch_Pro_Controller" title="Nintendo Switch Pro Controller">Nintendo Switch Pro Controller</a> and <a href="Pok%C3%A9_Ball_Plus" title="Poké Ball Plus">Poké Ball Plus</a> controllers also feature 6DOF sensors.

</p><p>In the <a href="Ninth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Ninth generation of video game consoles">ninth generation</a> the Sony <a href="PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a> continues to provide similar motion tracking for the included <a href="DualSense" class="mw-redirect" title="DualSense">DualSense</a> controllers, while supporting the use of older generations of motion controllers when playing backwards compatible games.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_controllers">Notable controllers</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="EyeToy" title="EyeToy">EyeToy</a> (<a href="PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Xbox_Live_Vision" title="Xbox Live Vision">Xbox Live Vision</a> (<a href="Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a> (<a href="Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> and <a href="Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Sixaxis" title="Sixaxis">Sixaxis</a> (<a href="PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>)</li>

<li><a href="DualShock" title="DualShock">DualShock 3, 4 and DualSense</a> (<a href="PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a>, <a href="PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a> and <a href="PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a>)</li>

<li><a href="PlayStation_Move" title="PlayStation Move">PlayStation Move</a> (PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5)</li>

<li><a href="Wii_U_GamePad" title="Wii U GamePad">Wii U GamePad</a> (Wii U)</li>

<li><a href="Kinect" title="Kinect">Kinect</a> (<a href="Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a>, <a href="Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Razer_Hydra" title="Razer Hydra">Razer Hydra</a></li>

<li><a href="Xavix" title="Xavix">Xavix</a></li>

<li><a href="Joy-Con" title="Joy-Con">Joy-Con</a> and <a href="Nintendo_Switch_Pro_Controller" title="Nintendo Switch Pro Controller">Nintendo Switch Pro Controller</a> (<a href="Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Steam_Controller" title="Steam Controller">Steam Controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_Deck" title="Steam Deck">Steam Deck</a></li>

<li><a href="Nex_Playground" title="Nex Playground">Nex Playground</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="3D_motion_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="3D motion controller">3D motion controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Flick_Stick" title="Flick Stick">Flick Stick</a></li>

<li><a href="Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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